Brachycephalic breeds, i.e., dogs with short snouts like the Pug, French Bulldog, or Pekingese, are enjoying great popularity. Their striking appearance and affectionate nature make them sought-after companions. But these traits often come at a price: Many of these dogs suffer from serious health problems resulting from their breeding. In this article, we explore the underlying problems, the consequences of breeding, and what you should be aware of.
What does “brachycephalic” even mean?
The term "brachycephalic" comes from the Greek and means "short-headed." It describes dogs with a noticeably shortened skull. This makes their faces appear flat and round, which many people find particularly cute. However, the extreme shortness of the muzzle leads to anatomical abnormalities that can lead to numerous health problems.
Breathing problems: A common affliction of brachycephalic breeds
BOAS – Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome
The most common problem in these dogs is BOAS. The shortened muzzle and the associated anatomical changes often cause these dogs to have difficulty breathing.
- Constricted nostrils: Many brachycephalic dogs have severely constricted nostrils, which make breathing difficult.
- Elongated soft palate: The soft palate may be so long that it blocks the airway.
- Tracheal collapse: The trachea is often too narrow or unstable, which makes breathing even more difficult.
How do the breathing problems manifest themselves?
- Loud snoring, even when awake
- Difficulty playing or exercising
- Panting even at rest
- Blue tongue or gums (indicating oxygen deficiency)
Other health problems in brachycephalic breeds
1. Eye problems
Due to their flat faces, the eyes of many brachycephalic dogs protrude, making them vulnerable to injury. Common problems include:
- Corneal injuries due to overly large eye sockets.
- Entropion (rolling of the eyelids), which is painful and can damage the cornea.
2. Heat sensitivity
Because these dogs often have difficulty breathing, they cannot cool themselves sufficiently through panting. They are extremely susceptible to heat stress or heat stroke.
3. Dental problems
The shortened jaws often do not provide enough space for the teeth. This leads to:
- Misalignment of the teeth
- Gum disease
- Pain when chewing
4. Spinal and joint problems
Breeding for a compact, often excessively short appearance leads to spinal problems in many of these breeds, such as:
- Wedge vertebrae: Malformations of the spine that cause pain and restricted movement.
- Hip dysplasia and patellar luxation: joint problems that limit freedom of movement.
5. Birth difficulties
The puppies' skulls are often so large that natural births are difficult or impossible. Many brachycephalic bitches require cesarean sections.
Why is breeding still taking place?
The cuteness factor plays a major role. The large eyes, flat faces, and often childlike proportions appeal to many people's protective instincts. Added to that is their popularity on social media and with celebrities, which further increases demand.
Criticism of the breeding of brachycephalic dogs
Extreme breeding for specific characteristics is increasingly being described as cruel breeding because it massively affects the health of the animals.
- Unnecessary suffering: Dogs who can barely breathe or are in pain often suffer for the rest of their lives.
- Commercial interests: The high demand leads some breeders to focus on appearance rather than health.
- Animal welfare and laws: In some countries, breeding bans for extremely brachycephalic breeds are already being discussed.
What can you do?
1. Support reputable breeders
Choose breeders who focus on the dogs' health and don't focus on exaggerated traits. Reputable breeders often work to lengthen the muzzle to improve the dogs' quality of life.
2. Veterinary check before purchase
A thorough health check can help you ensure that your dog is as free as possible from common problems.
3. Adoption instead of purchase
Many brachycephalic dogs end up in shelters because their owners are overwhelmed by their health problems. Adoption is a good alternative.
4. Promote education
Speak openly about the problems these races face. Only through awareness can long-term change occur.
Conclusion: More responsibility for the welfare of dogs
Brachycephalic breeds like Pugs and French Bulldogs are lovable companions, but their breeding often results in avoidable suffering. If you choose such a breed, you should carefully consider it and act responsibly—for the well-being of your dog and for a better future for these animals.
